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Young Voice英语广播:2022(14)你的记忆会欺骗你

通讯员:邹昊宁    编辑者:陈三    发布时间:2022年04月04日    阅读:    



大家好,这里是湖北理工学院外国语学院英语调频广播台,我是主播邹昊宁。我们对所发生的事情的记忆并不是事实本身,我们的记忆会欺骗你。下面来听听神经科学家丽莎-吉诺瓦的访谈,让我们一起探究记忆的奥秘吧。

首先让我们来了解一下这篇文章里出现的一些重要词汇

neuroscientist[ˈnjʊroʊˌsaɪəntɪst]n.神经科学家

neurons[ˈnjʊərɒnz]n.神经元

cortex[ˈkɔːteks]n.大脑皮层

hippocampus[ˌhɪpəˈkæmpəs]n.海马体

semantic memory[sɪˈmæntɪkˈmeməri]n.语义记忆

prospective memory[prəˈspektɪvˈmeməri]n.前瞻记忆

Your memory can deceive you

你的记忆会欺骗你

Our memories for what happened are not reality.Your memory is not a video camera, recording a constant stream of every sight and sound you're exposed to. Memory is part of our biology.So our brain is not separate from our body.It's part of the whole system.Human memory is amazing, and it's fallible.My name is Lisa Genova.I am an author andneuroscientist.The name of my book is "Remember: The science of memory and the art of forgetting."

我们对所发生的事情的记忆并不是事实本身。你的记忆不是一台录相机,记录着你所接触到的每一个景象和声音的持续流。记忆是我们生物学的一部分。我们的大脑和我们的身体并不是分开的。它是整个系统的一部分。人类的记忆力是惊人的,它也是易变的。我是丽莎-吉诺瓦。我是一名作家和神经科学家。我的书的名字是“记住:记忆的科学和遗忘的艺术”。


Memory is the pattern of neural activity that represents the sights sound, smells, feelings, information, language that you experienced when you learn something in the first place, reactivated as a neural circuit in your brain.There's a physical location where we process vision or language, or movement.But memory is different.Memory is located throughout your brain in all of the disparate places that are involved in what that memory consists of.

记忆是神经活动的模式,代表着你当初学习某样东西时经历的景象、声音、气味、感觉、信息、语言,在你的大脑中作为神经回路重新激活。大脑中有一个物理位置,我们在那里处理视觉或语言,或运动。但记忆是不同的。记忆位于你整个大脑中的所有不同的地方,这些地方涉及到该记忆所包含的内容。


So if I'm thinking of the sight and sound of Mickey Mouse, I’ll haveneurons in the back of my head, that's my occipital cortex, my visual cortex will be activated.Those represent what Mickey Mouse looks like.But the sound of Mickey Mouseis located somewhere else.That's in my auditory cortex, sort of near my ears.And so the circuit, the memory will involve the activation of neurons in those very different places.

因此,如果我想到了米老鼠的视觉和听觉,我脑后的神经元,也就是我的枕叶皮层,我的视觉皮层会被激活。这些代表了米老鼠的样子。但米老鼠的声音却在别的地方。那是在我的听觉皮层,有点靠近我的耳朵。因此,脑回路,记忆会涉及到不同区域的神经元的激活。


Your hippocampus is your memory weaver.This is the part of your brain that links together, the sights, the sounds, the smells, the feelings, the language, the information, so that they become connected into a neural circuit.Our human brains are pretty phenomenal at remembering what is meaningful, emotional, surprising or new, and what's repeated.They're pretty bad at remembering what's same old, same old, been there, done that, not emotional, not repeated.Our brains are also great at remembering things that are visual and where those things are in space.Evolutionarily, it was really important for our survival for us to remember where the food is, where safety is, where the predators live.So how accurate are our memories? It depends on which kind of memory we're talking about.There are three kinds of long-term memory.

你的海马体是记忆编织者。这是你大脑的一部分,它将景象、声音、气味、感觉、语言、信息联系在一起,使它们成为连接成一个神经回路。我们人类的大脑在记住有意义的、有情感的、令人惊讶的或新的、以及重复的东西方面是相当惊人的。他们很不擅长记住那些老生常谈、已经存在、已经做过、没有情感、没有重复的东西。我们的大脑也很善于记住视觉上的东西,以及这些东西在空间中的位置从进化的角度来看,记住食物在哪里,安全在哪里,捕食者住在哪里,对我们的生存真的很重要。那么,我们的记忆有多准确?这取决于我们谈论的是哪种记忆。有三种类型的长期记忆。


There's semantic memory.Semantic memories are the facts and data, the information you learned in school, six times six, who was the first president, that kind of information. Also your biographical information, where you were born, your street address, your phone number. So if we're talking about semantic memory, that's pretty stable and accurate.For example, if you learned that six times six is 36, when you werein the third grade, you're not gonna suddenly misremember that decades later as six times six is 75.

一种是语义记忆。语义记忆是事实和数据,你在学校学到的信息,6乘以6,谁是第一任总统,这类信息。还有你的传记信息,你在哪里出生,你的街道地址,你的电话号码。因此,如果我们谈论的是语义记忆,那是相当稳定和准确的。例如,如果你在三年级的时候学会了6乘以6是 36,你不会在几十年后突然记错为6乘以6是75。这是不可能的。


There's also muscle memory.Muscle memory is similarly stable over time.It's a little bit of a misnomer.Muscle memory doesn't live in your muscles. This actually lives in a part of your brain called the motor cortex.That part of your brain tells all of the voluntary muscles in your body what to do. Muscle memory is the memorized choreography, the procedure for how to do things, how to brush your teeth how to swing a golf club, how to eat an ice cream cone.This is where the expression "just like riding a bike comes in", right?You can not ride a bike for decades and then get back on the bike and your brain will remember the choreography.You'll get on the bike and ride

还有肌肉记忆。肌肉记忆也同样随着时间的推移而稳定。这种说法其实有点错误。肌肉记忆并不存在于你的肌肉里。它实际上是存在你大脑中的一部分,称为运动皮层。你大脑的这一部分告诉你身体中所有的随便肌该怎么做。肌肉记忆是记忆中的编排,是如何做事情的程序,如何刷牙,如何挥动高尔夫球杆,如何吃一个冰淇淋甜筒。这就是"就像骑自行车一样“这一说法的由来,对吗?你可以几十年不骑自行车,等你再次骑自行车的时候,你的大脑会记住这些编排。你会上车,然后骑行。


Episodic memory is a little different.This is your memory for the stuff that happened. This is the story of your life.This is, "oh, remember when." That that's a little strange.It turns out that every time we recall a memory for something that happened, we have the opportunity to change it.Often not consciously. We might add a detail. We might leave a detail out.If somebody else experienced the same event, they might add some information that we agree with.And so we'll add that to our memory.We're also as human beings, natural born storytellers. So if there are pieces of information missing in my story or if there's a way I could embellish and make the story better, give it a nice beginning, middle and end, I might supply that, not knowing that I'm consciously lying.

偶发记忆则有点不同。这是你对所发生的事情的记忆。这是你的生活故事。这是,“哦,记得什么时候"。有点奇怪。事实证明,每当我们回忆起对所发生的事情的记忆时,我们就有机会改变它。这种改变通常是不自觉的。我们可能会增加或遗漏一个细节。如果其他人经历了同样的事件,他们可能会添加一些我们认同的信息。于是我们就会把它添加到我们的记忆中。作为人类,我们也是天生就会讲故事的人。因此,如果我的故事中缺少一些信息,或者如果我有办法美化并使故事变得更好,给它一个漂亮的开头、中间和结尾,我可能会提供这些信息,却意识不到自己在有意识地撒谎。


I'm just providing information that makes sense, to tell you the story of what happened.Here's the weird thing that happens, if we've revised the memory in any way whatsoever, when we recall it, we store this version, this 2.O version of the memory, over the old version in our brain. It's like hitting save in Microsoft Word. So you can imagine that with each retelling, the memory for what happened has the possibility ofdrifting further and further away from what you stored his memory to begin with.

我只是提供有意义的信息,告诉你所发生的故事。奇怪的是,如果我们以任何方式修改了记忆,当我们回忆它的时候,会在大脑中储存这个版本,这个2.0版本的记忆,而不是旧版本。这就像在Microsoft Word中点击保存一样。所以你可以想象,随着每一次的复述,对所发生。的事情的记忆有可能与你开始时存储的记忆越来越远。


There's another kind of memory called prospective memory.This is your memory for your future you.This is your brain's to-do list.Pick up the dry cleaning, pay the bills, oh, I need to remember to call mymother later.And our brains are not designed to do this.Prospective memory is fraught with failure.Unless the proper cue is there and available for you to notice at the right time, in the right place, you will forget to do this.And so the more that we understand about the biology of memory, the science of memory, the more we can develop a better relationship with it.

还有另一种记忆,叫做前瞻记忆。这是你对未来的你的记忆。这是你大脑中的待办事项清单。去拿干洗的衣服,支付账单,哦,还得记住待会儿给母亲打电话。而我们的大脑不是被设计来做这个的。前瞻性记忆充满了失败。除非在正确的时间和地点有适当的提示供你注意,否则你会忘记做这件事。因此,我们对记忆的生物学、记忆的科学了解得越多,就越能与它建立更好的关系。


Your identity is so closely tied to your ability to remember.If someone meets you, the firstquestion people often ask is, "what do you do?" "Where are you from?""Tell me about your family."The answers to all of those questions, rely on memory.Your ability to remember what happened, the story of your life, is really who we say we are.

你的身份与你的记忆能力密不可分。如果有人见到你,人们经常问的第一个问题是,"你是做什么的?""你来自哪里?“"你的家庭情况怎样"。这些问题的答案,都依赖于记忆。你对所发生的事情的记忆能力,你生活中的故事,就是我们真正的自己。

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