大家好，这里是湖北理工学院外国语学院英语调频广播台，我是主播邹昊宁。我们比自己想象中更喜欢竞争。人类倾向于争斗，竞争的原则自古以来一直伴随着我们本次访谈中卢克﹣伯吉斯分享自己的观点，让我们来学习一下吧。首先让我们来了解一下这篇文章里出现的一些重要词汇
Eliminate[ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt]v.排除;清除
Renunciation[rɪˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn]n.放弃
mimetic rivalry[mɪˈmetɪk ˈraɪvlri]模仿竞争
instinctual reaction [ɪnˈstɪŋktʃuəriˈækʃn]本能反应
Healthy competition does more good than harm
良性竞争利大于弊
We’re more rivalrous than we like to believe .Human beings tend towards rivalry .There’s a reason why there’s five stories of sibling rivalry in the book of Genesis alone , and almost every other culture in the world also has stories of sibling rivalry .It seems that there is some principle of rivalry that has been with us since the beginning of time .You broke my heart .We take delight in seeing somebody else fail .Long live the king .And that’s something I think we should all be hyper aware of , because envy always leads to misery .I ’m Luke Burgis , founder of Fourth WallVentures and author of the book" Wanting : The Power of Mimetic Desire in Everyday Life .＂So in my mid twenties , I noticed this strange paradox , if nobody else wanted the thing that I wanted , I began to question whether that thing was " wantable " or not , whether it was desirable . I noticed it in dating , in business , even in the choices of food that I would order in restaurants .There was this strange mystery of desire that I hadn’t put my finger on .
我们比自己想象中更喜欢竞争。人类倾向于争斗。仅在《创世纪》一书中就有五个兄弟姐妹竞争的故事，而且世界上几乎所有其他文化也都有兄弟姐妹之间竞争的故事，这都是有原因的。似乎有一些竞争的原则自古以来一直伴随着我们。你伤了我的心。我们以看到别人的失败为乐。国王万岁。这是我认为我们都应该高度注意的事情，因为嫉妒总是导致痛苦。我是卢克﹣伯吉斯，第四墙风险投资公司的创始人，《渴望：日常生活中模仿性欲望的力量》一书的作者。在我20多岁的时候，我注意到了这个奇怪的悖论，如果没有人想要我想要的东西，我就开始怀疑这个东西是否“可欲”，是否可取。我注意到，在约会中，在商业中，甚至在我在餐馆点餐的选择中，我都注意到了这一点。有这种奇怪的欲望之谜，我还没来得及将它表达出来。
So I spent some time reading and reflecting and stumbled on the ideas of the great French thinker , René Girard .Girard said that man is the creature that does’ t know what to desire .So we look to models , people that help show us what is worth wanting .In other words , desire is mimetic .Mimetic desire means that we’re adopting another person’s desire as our own .Usually without even realizing that we’re doing it .That creates real problems because we’re now inherently competing for the same thing .So we have a scarcity mindset , and mimetic desire leads quite naturally to viewing the person that’s modeling the desire for that object as a rival or as an obstacle to us getting what we want .Rivalries can be a very positive thing .But when I speak of rivalry , I don’t always mean in the negative sense , and neither did Girard.We had been rivals , we hated each other .And so , Larry Bird made me a better player , and I think I made him a better player and together we made the NBA better .They can get the best out of us when we have professional rivalries .
我花了一些时间阅读和思考，我偶然发现了伟大的法国思想家勒内﹣吉拉德的观点。拉德说，人是一种不知道该渴望什么的生物。寻找模仿的对象，他们能向我们展示什么是我们值得渴望的。换句话说，欲望是可模仿的。模仿性的欲望意味着我们把另一个人的欲望作为我们自己的欲望。通常，我们甚至没有意识到我们正在这样做。这就造成了真正的问题，因为我们现在本质上是在竞争同样的东西。因此，我们有一种稀缺的心态，而模仿性欲望很自然地导致我们将把拥有此欲望的人视为对手，或视为我们获得所需的障碍。但当我谈到竞争时，我并不总是指消极意义上的竞争，吉拉德的观点也是如此。竞争可以有非常积极的一面。我们曾是对手，我们彼此憎恨。拉里﹣伯德使我成为更好的球员，我想我也使他成为更好的球员，我们一起使NBA 变得更好。当我们有职业竞争对手的时候，对手可以从我们身上学到最好的东西。
This might be a time for me to tell the story of Lamborghini and Ferrari .I’m not sure if we have time for that ornot .Ferruccio Lamborghini was a very successful tractor manufacturer in Italy .He owned a Ferrari and the clutch kept breaking and he went to EnzoFerrari to complain about the clutch and eventually got into the car business because of a rivalry with Enzo Ferrari , and ended up making a beautiful , powerful sports car .And their sales are better than they’ve ever been .So rivalry can push us to do things that we may have not done to innovate , to create things , but rivalry can also turn negative when we crossa certain boundary .
我想讲述一下兰博基尼和法拉利的故事。不知道时间是不是够用哈。费鲁吉欧﹣兰博基尼是意大利一个非常成功的拖拉机制造商。他拥有一辆法拉利，但离合器一直出问题，他去找恩佐﹣法拉利抱怨离合器的问题，最终因为与恩佐﹣法拉利的竞争他进入汽车行业，最后他制造出一辆漂亮、强大的跑车。而且他们的销售情况比以往任何时候都好。因此，竞争可以推动我们去做我们可能没有做过的事情，去创新，去创造东西，但当我们越过某个界限时，竞争也可以变成负面的。
The problem with mimetic rivalry is that we begin to see others as enemies .If this other person is in my way , if they’re a constant thorn in my side , the other solution is to eliminate them in some way .That could mean they’re fired .It could mean canceling them .That could mean physical violence .When people are locked in a mimetic rivalry , it’s an infinite game .There’s no way to resolve the one - upping .And that’s because there’s very little awareness in society of the mimetic mechanism .So the first step to breaking out of a rivalry is simply to be aware that you’re in one .
模仿性的竞争的问题是，我们开始将他人视为敌人。如果这个人妨碍了我，如果他们一直是我的眼中钉，一个解决办法就是以某种方式消除他们。这可能意味着他们被解雇。这可能意味着不支持他们。这可能意味着身体暴力。当人们被锁定在一个模仿性的竞争中时，这是一个无限的游戏。没有单方面能够解决的问题。而这是因为社会上对模仿机制的认识非常少。因此，走出竞争的第一步就是要意识到你在竞争中。
If we’re not aware that we’re rivalrous , that this is a zero sum game that isn’t going to end well, there’s really no hope of breaking out of it , except for some kind of outside intervention .Lamborghini realized that that rivalry with Ferrari could take him to places he didn’t want to go .Everybody at the company wanted him to enter the racing business .He could spend the rest of his days consumed with constantly one upping this Titan of auto manufacturing .He took a step back and he saw that he didn’t want the rivalry to last .
如果我们没有意识到我们是竞争对手，没有意识到这是一个不会有好结果的零和游戏，那么除了某种外部干预外，我们真的没有希望突破它。兰博基尼意识到，与法拉利的竞争可能给他带来不想要的结果。公司的每个人都希望他进入赛车行业。他可以在余下的日子里，不断地超越这个汽车制造业的泰坦巨人。但他退了一步，他看到他不希望这种竞争持续下去。
He wanted to be his own person and not constantly be tethering his ideas of success to Enzo Ferrari .So when we realize that our desires don’t originate with us , it frees us up .As humans , we have agency , we have freedom to rise above that base mimetic nature , and to choose the way that we’re going to respond .At some level , people have to do the hard work of renunciation .That’s not a word that we use very often these days , but it’s renouncing and overriding our mimetic impulse to constantly hit back , to constantly seek that next thing .Ferruccio Lamborghini decided to renounce the temptation to enter the racing business , and to extract himself for what could have been a game of obsession and never - ending rivalry with Ferrari until the end of hislife .
他想成为自己，而不是不断地将自己的成功理念与恩佐﹣法拉利联系在一起。因此，当我们意识到我们的欲望不是源于我们自己，它就会使我们得到解放。作为人类，我们有代理权，我们有自由来超越那基本的模仿性、并选择我们要回应的方式。在某种程度上，人们必须克制自己，虽然这很难做到。克制自己不是一个我们现在经常使用的词，但它是放弃和推翻我们不断反击的模仿性冲动，进而不断寻求下一个东西。费鲁基欧﹣兰博基尼决定放弃进入赛车业的诱惑，停止永无休止的与法拉利的竞争，直到自己生命的尽头。
It ’s not that he didn’t care about making beautiful cars or didn’t care about his company anymore .It’s that he knew that a time had come for a pivot .And the pivot for Lamborghini , allowed him to live a very fulfilling life .And his company continued , without his personal animosity towards Enzo Ferrari coloring his entire company for the next 50 years .Forgiveness is also a very anti - mimetic action to take .Kind of goes against every fiber in our being , because we’re highly mimetic when it comes to conflict , when it comes to violence .Eye for an eye , tooth for a tooth . We have to break the cycle of logic through this supernatural act .
这并不是说他不关心制造漂亮的汽车或不再关心他的公司。而是他知道，一个转折的时刻已经到来。兰博基尼的转折使他能够过上非常充实的生活。他的公司继续发展，在接下来的50年里，他对恩佐﹣法拉利的个人敌意没有给他的整个公司带来好处。宽恕也是一种非常反模仿的行为。这有点违背了我们思考，因为当涉及到冲突，涉及到暴力时，我们是高度模仿性的。以眼还眼，以牙还牙。我们必须通过这种超自然的行为打破逻辑的循环。
Forgiveness goes beyond the rational .It’s getting at this great power that we have as human beings , to choose not the instinctual reaction .Getting out of that transactional mindset , incorporating things like empathy and forgiveness is really important .When we listen to another person with empathy , we can quickly break through a negative mimetic cycle ,because people want to imitate the empathy that they received .One tactic I recommend to my students is to actually write a letter of gratitude to somebody that might be a rival to them .That’s a great way to kill it right away , in most cases .Not always , not everybody responds positively to that kind of a thing .But to be able to step back and to make a gesture of empathy can change a negative mimetic cycle into a positive one , almost instantaneously .The question is , will we actually be the one to take the first step ?Get smarter , faster , with videos from the world’s biggest thinkers.And to learn even more from the world’s biggest thinkers , get Big Think for your business .
宽恕超越了理性。它涉及到我们作为人类所拥有的这种伟大的力量，即选择不做本能的反应。走出这种交易性的心态，把同理心和宽恕这样的东西纳入其中，真的很重要。当我们用同理心倾听另一个人时，我们可以迅速突破负面的模仿循环，因为人们想要模仿他们获得的的同理心。我向我的学生推荐的一个策略是，他们可以给他们的对手写一封感谢信。在大多数情况下，这是一个马上就能消除模仿性的好方法。但并非总是如此，不是每个人都对这种事情有积极的反应。但是，能够退后一步，做出同情的姿态，可以瞬间将一个消极的模仿循环改变为积极的。问题是，我们真的会是那个迈出第一步的人吗？观看世界上最有智慧的思想家的视频，让我们更聪明，进步更快。要想学到更多东西，请关注BigThinkPlus。
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